[1] As of October 1st 2012, all conversion estimates for the kyat in this report are based on the official market rate of 861 kyat to the US $1. This reflects new measures taken by Burma's central bank on April 2nd 2012 to initiate a managed float of the kyat, thus replacing the previous fixed rate of 6.5 kyat to US $1.

[2] The ceasefire agreement signed between the KNU and RUM officials on January 12th 2012 in Pa'an Town, was an agreement in principle on 'key points', to be followed by more in-depth talks after 45 days. Senior KNU officials had since announced that the deadline of 45 days was unlikely to be met; see: "KNU ceasefire meeting with government behind schedule," Karen News, February 23rd 2012. The second round of ceasefire negotiations began on April 4th 2012, which focused on building trust amongst local actors; see "Second-round KNU peace talks begin," Mizzima, April 5th 2012. Most recently, on September 4th 2012, a third round of negotiations took place including Naypyidaw representatives in Pa'an Town and the parties signed an agreement over a draft of a 'code of conduct', which both government and non-state armed groups are to obey; see "Burmese government, KNU agree to cease-fire code of conduct," Mizzima, September 5th 2012. Meanwhile, KHRG information received since January 2012 suggests that there have been clashes between government forces and non-state armed groups in Pa'an District in February 2012 and that recent military re-supply operations carried out by Tatmadaw forces have been ongoing across the Karen districts. See "Villagers return home four months after DKBA and Border Guard clash, killing one civilian, injuring two in Pa'an," KHRG, June 2012. Local media sources have also reported ongoing fighting in Pa'an and Nyaunglebin Districts since January 12th 2012; see: "Killings and attacks between DKBA and BGF drives villagers from their homes," Karen News, February 24th 2012; "Ceasefires, Continued Attacks and a Friendly Encounter Between Enemies," Free Burma Rangers, February 3rd 2012. For additional information regarding resupply operations since the January 2012 ceasefire, see "Sustained Tatmadaw resupply operations in Thaton, Nyaunglebin and Papun during ceasefire," KHRG, May 2012; for information on rations resupply operations in Toungoo District, see "Toungoo Situation Update: Tantabin and Than Daung Townships, November 2011 to January 2012," KHRG, March 2012 and "Tatmadaw soldiers fire at four villagers carrying rice, order forced labour in Toungoo District," KHRG, July 2012; in Papun District see: "Papun Situation Update: Dweh Loh Township, January to March 2012," KHRG, May 2012 and "Papun Situation Update: Bu Tho Township, received April 2012," KHRG, June 2012 and "Papun Situation Update: Northern Lu Thaw Township, March to June 2012," KHRG, September 2012 and "Papun Situation Update: Dwe Lo Township, February to June 2012," September 2012.

[3] For instance, on June 13th 2012, a villager was shot and killed by Tatmadaw soldiers while he and a group of other villagers were collecting truffles outside of a camp for internally-displaced persons (IDP) in Papun District; see "Villager shot and killed in Papun District," KHRG, October 2012. In early June 2012, four villagers were shot at, but none were injured, after fleeing a Tatmadaw resupply convoy near an abandoned military base in Tantabin Township, Toungoo District; see "Tatmadaw soldiers fire at four villagers carrying rice, order forced labour in Toungoo District," KHRG, February 2012.

[4] For additional KHRG documentation of killing or other abuse of villagers suspected of involvement with the KNU/KNLA, see "Incident Report: Arbitrary detention and violent abuse in Dooplaya District," December 2011, KHRG, March 2012 and "Incident Report: Dooplaya District, August 2011," KHRG, March 2012.