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The photo on the left was taken in May 2014 in Seik Pu Taw village tract, Htantabin Township, Toungoo District. Villagers work in this area and are in possession of land titles for the land. In December 2013, Kaung Myanmar Aung Group of Companies entered onto the land, cleared it, and set up a signpost stating the land now belongs to them and it will be used for teak plantations. As a result, villagers’ plantations were confiscated. Villagers from A--- lost the most land. [Photos: KHRG]
This report covers issues including land confiscation, education, healthcare, development projects, military activity, drug issues, and discrimination against Muslim people, which occurred between January and December 2015 in Htantabin and Thandaunggyi Townships in Toungoo (Taw Oo) District. Since the 2012 preliminary ceasefire[1], villagers have also seen an increase in development projects in local areas. These projects are often accompanied by land confiscation, which in the cases below has negatively impacted villagers’ livelihoods and, as a result, prevented them from accessing essential healthcare services.
In the years since the preliminary ceasefire agreement was signed between the Karen National Union (KNU) and the Burma/Myanmar government, land confiscation has remained a major issue in all districts across Karen State. The land confiscation incidents reported by KHRG community members in Toungoo District in 2015 were predominantly perpetrated by businesses,[2] Tatmadaw,[3] and the Burma/Myanmar government.[4] These groups give permission, or directly sell, to companies such as Kaung Myanmar Aung[5] and Shwe Swan In,[6] to carry out business activities on land traditionally used and possessed by local villagers in rural areas, including land on which the villagers previously held land titles. Livelihood impacts caused by this land confiscation, such as losing vocational work, are compounding; they lead to further problems, such as inability to pay for the cost of education or healthcare.
In Toungoo district, land confiscation and destruction is also caused by development projects, such as dam building,[7] construction of electricity cables and pylons,[8] creation of an industrial zone,[9] road construction,[10] and other military purposes. For example, in 2014 the Burma/Myanmar government confiscated areas of land for which villagers already possessed land titles. This land, in C--- and D--- villages, was then sold to Nyein Chan Yay [Peace Group].[11] In many cases, offending actors did not fairly provide compensation, and neither the compensation nor consultation process was carried out to the satisfaction of the local civilians. According to a local resident interviewed by a KHRG community member on November 22nd 2015, in E--- Village in Toungoo District, about business activities conducted by Kaung Myanmar Aung and Shwe Swan In companies, “they forcibly gave 50,000 kyat [US $36.64][12] per acre of land. Whether the villagers take their money or not, they will lose their lands so they take the money even though they do not want to take money and sell their land. They were afraid of the authoritative system…There was no discussion [consultation] with the villagers. They do not take the consent from the villagers”.[13]
Furthermore, in some cases villagers whose land was confiscated were not provided with compensation despite having previously received official Burma/Myanmar government permission to use the land. In an interview conducted by a KHRG community member in F--- Village, Na Ga Mauk village tract in Htantabin Township, a villager commented on the practices of Kaung Myanmar Aung Company, “They never say that they are going to pay the compensation. We also do not want to get the compensation that they will pay to us. They [company] said that a rubber tree [is] worth 200 kyat (US $0.15). What can we do with 200 kyat (US $0.15)?”
Local villagers respond to incidents of land confiscation by development projects with various village agency strategies, including: trying to stop the perpetrators by sending complaint letters[14] to high level authorities, or holding protests[15] before the development projects are carried out.
In Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District, primary school students have been receiving free education for two years from the Burma/Myanmar government, as of the reporting period. The Burma/Myanmar government provides books, bags, pencils and 1000 kyat (US $0.75) to each student. However, according to a villager interviewed by a KHRG community member in Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District in January 2015, the current teachers do not try to socialise with villagers—rather, they keep to themselves. Students are also receiving a poor education as school teachers are often absent—they frequently leave the village to visit their homes, which can take up to two weeks per trip. In addition, the teachers told some students, “I am teaching not because of having good-will [not because I want to], but because I have an obligation to teach."[16]
A villager from Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District, also mentioned during her interview that the students have failed examinations due to old teachers being replaced with new, young teachers who are not qualified enough to teach. As a consequence, the children do not fully understand school lessons due to the new teachers’ low standard of teaching.[17] Similarly in Thandaunggyi Township, villagers are concerned that teachers appear distracted. Consequently, students are not educated well and face problems when they have to take examinations from the Burma/Myanmar government education department when they enter fourth standard.[18] In addition, in the Burma/Myanmar government schools, students’ parents are asked for money for brooms, drinking water pots, and annual meetings at the schools. Depending on the students, teachers might ask for 1,500 kyat (US $1.13) per student. Finally, government teachers themselves face difficulties, as once per month they must travel far to collect their salary at the Township Education Office; it takes them a long time to travel.[19]
In Toungoo District, there is no sign of significant change to the operation of the Burma/Myanmar government education department, in relation to supporting education in rural areas. Consequently, since the preliminary ceasefire students from kindergarten to fourth standard are able to study for free and without paying for enrollment, under the Burma/Myanmar government’s support. We have also seen instances of United Nations Children’s Education Fund (UNICEF) providing support, particularly through repairing schools in order to support the education system. However, villagers still feel that the current education system needs to be changed. This sentiment was reported by a KHRG community member in a Situation Update describing events occurring in Thandaunggyi and Htantabin townships, Toungoo District during the period from November 2014 to February 2015, “[The villagers] receive no special support from the Burma government. The government should change the education [system] so it is better. It needs to be changed a lot because education is one of the most important things for the people.”[20]
Finally, in regard to education, KNU leaders in Toungoo District have built a high school called Thoh Lwee Wah high school near B--- Village, Per Htee village tract, Htantabin Township, Toungoo District in order to support the Karen people’s education, and to ensure they are able to read and write Karen language, as well as learn Karen history. In Toungoo District, there are two middle schools led by KNU: one is in Htantabin Township and the other is in Thandaunggyi Township.
In Toungoo District, the main healthcare issues raised by local civilians include: healthcare problems regarding transportation of patients,[21] lack of medicine in clinics,[22] and medics or doctors providing insufficient services, especially at night time in critical situations, as the local healthcare services are only available during the day. In addition, if an incident occurs at night in Thandaung Myo Thit Town, the doctors refer patients to Toungoo District hospital.[23] Therefore, especially for those in remote areas in Toungoo District, villagers who are sick usually try to use traditional herbal medicine as first priority treatment, before they go to the hospital in Toungoo District, where medical treatment is expensive. Sometimes villagers also rely on the one KNU clinic, however, due to the lack of medicine in the clinic, their health problems often remain unsolved.[24]
Put simply, the Burma/Myanmar government healthcare services are not reaching remote areas in Toungoo District. There is not only a problem with the lack of medicine; villagers also have trouble accessing the Burma/Myanmar government healthcare system itself. According to a situation reported in the period between March and July 2014, “in H--- village, the government health workers do not go and treat [prevent] the diseases, such as [by] giving vaccines to the children and mothers. Since they [children and mothers] are not being given vaccines, they experience unnecessary symptoms. In Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District, there were [also] a total of 400 villagers who applied [to work] as nurses’ assistants, but only 20 villagers were accepted.”[25]
The villagers also reported to the KHRG community members that due to financial problems some pregnant women give birth to their children using a traditional midwife, instead of using a formally-educated midwife. If the Burma/Myanmar government healthcare department finds out the traditional midwives are practicing medicine, the midwives are fined at least 5000 kyat (US $3.77). If the pregnant women go to the hospital to give birth, they are well taken care of only when they offer the midwives money or property. If they are not given money, for instance if villagers face financial problems, the patients are told they have recovered and are then discharged from the hospital.[26]
Development projects are one of the main issues that lead to land confiscation in reports received by KHRG. In Toungoo District, Thandaunggyi Township, villagers have concerns regarding land confiscation, as they heard from the land surveyor that the Kay Too Ma Tee Development Company and other wealthy individuals will confiscate farmland that does not have land titles. The company is looking for more land to buy in order to extend their business. In response, the local villagers in J--- Village, Bay Ta Nee village tract, Toungoo District, sent a letter to the township administrator stating their objection to the project, as they are afraid their traditional land, for which they do not have land grants, will be confiscated.[27] Likewise, there have also been land confiscation cases in villages such as K--- Village, L--- Village, M--- Village, N--- Village, O--- Village and P--- Village, for the purpose of establishing a new industrial zone. The local civilians are sending a complaint letter to Naypyidaw,[28] through government officials in Toungoo. At the time KHRG received the villager’s interview, the Naypyidaw government had not replied.[29]
Additional development project activities are occurring in Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District. Chan Mya Way Si Company has been constructing roads and bridges, such as the construction of a road from Q--- village to R--- village, and buildings were built in the town via permission from the Burma/Myanmar government. In addition, the road from S--- Village to T--- village in Thandaunggyi Township was paved with stones. La Thitsa Pan Ka Maing Nin Company also constructed a road in Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District, which goes through U---, V---, W---, and X--- villages.[30]
Military activities, such as sending military rations and rotating battalions are ongoing in Toungoo District; they happen every four months as normal. There is also the issue of Tatmadaw trespassing into KNU’s territory within KNU controlled areas. In early 2015, Tatmadaw who live in Kler La army camp went to villages to give medicine to the villagers located near Kler La area. They also gave bread and milk to the children. The villagers are concerned that these offerings are tactical, used by the Tatmadaw to draw the local civilians onto their side. The Tatmadaw also travel with their military equipment in local areas when they are patrolling or travelling to other remote camps.
In addition, when the Tatmadaw send rations the military set up security along the road. This military activity causes the villagers who live beside the road to doubt the effectiveness or reality of the ceasefire. The Tatmadaw group based in Toungoo District is Military Operation Command (MOC) #5.[31] The battalions under MOC #5 are Light Infantry Battalion (LIB)[32] #371, LIB #372, LIB #373, LIB # 374, LIB #376, LIB #377, LIB #378 and LIB #379. Permanent army bases are also located in Thandaunggyi Town, such as LIB #124 and LIB #930. In Leik Tho Town, LIB #603 and Infantry Battalion[33] (IB) #73 are based there and are operating in Leik Tho. One militia headquarters is based in Pya Sa Khan and another sub-militia headquarters is based in Leik Tho. The front-line army camp is based in Y--- and Z--- Villages. Bu Yin Naung Tat Myo Tatmadaw military training camp fires heavy weapons once every three months; when they conduct the exercise, the heavy weapon shells fall into the villagers’ plantations.[34]
The military training school in Bu Yint Naung Tat Myo Town, Toungoo District, practices shooting artillery once or twice a month. When they shoot artillery, they shoot into villagers’ plantations, making it dangerous for the villagers to harvest crops, such as cardamom. Shooting into the villagers’ plantations not only destroys the plantation, it is also dangerous for the villagers.[35]
The soldiers of LIB #563, under the control of MOC #5, situated in T--- Village, survey the activity of the civilians and the activity of KNLA (Karen National Liberation Army) soldiers. Local villagers are concerned about fighting between KNLA and Tatmadaw, when the groups meet by chance in the village. In August 2015, KNLA soldiers wanted to meet with T--- villagers to discuss the signing of the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement,[36] and to hear the opinions of the villagers. However, while they were on their way they were informed by the villagers that LIB #563 were present on the road they were using to travel to T--- Village, so the KNLA soldiers used another road to avoid the Tatmadaw. A local villager said, “If the KNLA soldiers do not use the other road and use the road that they want to use, fighting could happen.”[37]
A drug dealer who was transporting methamphetamine[38] for Tatmadaw was arrested by KNLA on August 12th 2015 in Toungoo District, Htantabin Township, Hkler La area, AB--- Village. He was transporting methamphetamine from Taw Oo Town to Kler La area, where a Tatmadaw army camp is based, as Tatmadaw soldiers from Kler La army camp, Sergeant So Paing and Captain Nay Aung, promised to pay him 15,000 kyat (US$10.99) for transportation. The drug dealer was arrested by KNLA soldiers, who sent him to the KNU operations camp, and then to the district headquarters. At the time of writing this report, he was in prison.[39]
Muslim people who live in Thandaung Myo Thit Town, Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District, are discriminated against by U Myo Tint, who is a self-appointed chairman of religious affairs and Thandaung Myo Thit Town administrator. He has been attempting to drive Muslim people out of Thandaung Myo Thit Town. These officials have been working together to find mistakes the Muslim people had made, because they do not want Muslim people to come and stay in their administration area in Thaudaunggyi Township. They summoned them to come to the immigration office and threatened them, to make it difficult for them to stay in the town.[40] The Muslim residents who were most affected were AC--- and his siblings, who live in Thandaung Myo Thit Town. In 2015, Myo Lwin Oo was not given a guest permission letter, which is the document required to have guests to stay overnight in the town; at the time of reporting, he had still not received it. The head of the immigration department and the head of the town targeted AC--- by no longer giving him permission to be a resident in the town, and later his siblings were also targeted.[41] According to an interview with AC--- conducted by a KHRG community member in Toungoo District on April 6th 2015, “at first, [in 2009], he tried to attack us by [interfering with our] businesses, and after he failed [to make us move out of town], [in 2015] he turned to [attacking us in a] racial way.”[42]
In conclusion, issues such as land confiscation, military activities and development project activities still significantly impact villagers, leading to community insecurity and livelihood problems. In the reports received from Toungoo District in 2015 it is evident that the healthcare services provided by the Burma/Myanmar government in rural areas are still weak. The poor quality leads villagers to rely on traditional medicine and KNU clinics, which also provide poor service, particularly as they do not have enough medicine in the clinic.
In addition, the concerns that local residents have in relation to land confiscation, healthcare services, education services, and military activities are ongoing, and in many circumstances these concerns are still being ignored by the Burma/Myanmar government. Despite the signing of the ceasefire agreement, military activities are happening as normal. Such activities particularly include troop rotation, ration transportation, and conducting military target practice.
Overall, villagers remain concerned about the situations they are facing. In Toungoo District, villagers particularly face problems from military activities which lead to security issues and restriction on freedom of movement, disruptive development projects, trouble accessing healthcare services, and land confiscation. Under these circumstances, the villagers responded by sending complaint letters to high level authorities to stop the land confiscation for proposed development projects. Regarding healthcare, due to financial and transportation problems, the villagers relied on local traditional medics. However, the struggles and difficulties of rural villagers were usually ignored by the authorities from the Burma/Myanmar government.
The photo on the right was taken on March 17th 2014 at a split in the road near B--- Village, Per Htee village tract, Htantabin Township, Toungoo District. The photo shows the construction of a KNU school built in Toungoo District. The school will open in 2015. [Photos: KHRG]
This report covers issues including land confiscation, education, healthcare, development projects, military activity, drug issues, and discrimination against Muslim people, which occurred between January and December 2015 in Htantabin and Thandaunggyi Townships in Toungoo (Taw Oo) District. Since the 2012 preliminary ceasefire[1], villagers have also seen an increase in development projects in local areas. These projects are often accompanied by land confiscation, which in the cases below has negatively impacted villagers’ livelihoods and, as a result, prevented them from accessing essential healthcare services.
In the years since the preliminary ceasefire agreement was signed between the Karen National Union (KNU) and the Burma/Myanmar government, land confiscation has remained a major issue in all districts across Karen State. The land confiscation incidents reported by KHRG community members in Toungoo District in 2015 were predominantly perpetrated by businesses,[2] Tatmadaw,[3] and the Burma/Myanmar government.[4] These groups give permission, or directly sell, to companies such as Kaung Myanmar Aung[5] and Shwe Swan In,[6] to carry out business activities on land traditionally used and possessed by local villagers in rural areas, including land on which the villagers previously held land titles. Livelihood impacts caused by this land confiscation, such as losing vocational work, are compounding; they lead to further problems, such as inability to pay for the cost of education or healthcare.
In Toungoo district, land confiscation and destruction is also caused by development projects, such as dam building,[7] construction of electricity cables and pylons,[8] creation of an industrial zone,[9] road construction,[10] and other military purposes. For example, in 2014 the Burma/Myanmar government confiscated areas of land for which villagers already possessed land titles. This land, in C--- and D--- villages, was then sold to Nyein Chan Yay [Peace Group].[11] In many cases, offending actors did not fairly provide compensation, and neither the compensation nor consultation process was carried out to the satisfaction of the local civilians. According to a local resident interviewed by a KHRG community member on November 22nd 2015, in E--- Village in Toungoo District, about business activities conducted by Kaung Myanmar Aung and Shwe Swan In companies, “they forcibly gave 50,000 kyat [US $36.64][12] per acre of land. Whether the villagers take their money or not, they will lose their lands so they take the money even though they do not want to take money and sell their land. They were afraid of the authoritative system…There was no discussion [consultation] with the villagers. They do not take the consent from the villagers”.[13]
Furthermore, in some cases villagers whose land was confiscated were not provided with compensation despite having previously received official Burma/Myanmar government permission to use the land. In an interview conducted by a KHRG community member in F--- Village, Na Ga Mauk village tract in Htantabin Township, a villager commented on the practices of Kaung Myanmar Aung Company, “They never say that they are going to pay the compensation. We also do not want to get the compensation that they will pay to us. They [company] said that a rubber tree [is] worth 200 kyat (US $0.15). What can we do with 200 kyat (US $0.15)?”
Local villagers respond to incidents of land confiscation by development projects with various village agency strategies, including: trying to stop the perpetrators by sending complaint letters[14] to high level authorities, or holding protests[15] before the development projects are carried out.
In Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District, primary school students have been receiving free education for two years from the Burma/Myanmar government, as of the reporting period. The Burma/Myanmar government provides books, bags, pencils and 1000 kyat (US $0.75) to each student. However, according to a villager interviewed by a KHRG community member in Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District in January 2015, the current teachers do not try to socialise with villagers—rather, they keep to themselves. Students are also receiving a poor education as school teachers are often absent—they frequently leave the village to visit their homes, which can take up to two weeks per trip. In addition, the teachers told some students, “I am teaching not because of having good-will [not because I want to], but because I have an obligation to teach."[16]
A villager from Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District, also mentioned during her interview that the students have failed examinations due to old teachers being replaced with new, young teachers who are not qualified enough to teach. As a consequence, the children do not fully understand school lessons due to the new teachers’ low standard of teaching.[17] Similarly in Thandaunggyi Township, villagers are concerned that teachers appear distracted. Consequently, students are not educated well and face problems when they have to take examinations from the Burma/Myanmar government education department when they enter fourth standard.[18] In addition, in the Burma/Myanmar government schools, students’ parents are asked for money for brooms, drinking water pots, and annual meetings at the schools. Depending on the students, teachers might ask for 1,500 kyat (US $1.13) per student. Finally, government teachers themselves face difficulties, as once per month they must travel far to collect their salary at the Township Education Office; it takes them a long time to travel.[19]
In Toungoo District, there is no sign of significant change to the operation of the Burma/Myanmar government education department, in relation to supporting education in rural areas. Consequently, since the preliminary ceasefire students from kindergarten to fourth standard are able to study for free and without paying for enrollment, under the Burma/Myanmar government’s support. We have also seen instances of United Nations Children’s Education Fund (UNICEF) providing support, particularly through repairing schools in order to support the education system. However, villagers still feel that the current education system needs to be changed. This sentiment was reported by a KHRG community member in a Situation Update describing events occurring in Thandaunggyi and Htantabin townships, Toungoo District during the period from November 2014 to February 2015, “[The villagers] receive no special support from the Burma government. The government should change the education [system] so it is better. It needs to be changed a lot because education is one of the most important things for the people.”[20]
Finally, in regard to education, KNU leaders in Toungoo District have built a high school called Thoh Lwee Wah high school near B--- Village, Per Htee village tract, Htantabin Township, Toungoo District in order to support the Karen people’s education, and to ensure they are able to read and write Karen language, as well as learn Karen history. In Toungoo District, there are two middle schools led by KNU: one is in Htantabin Township and the other is in Thandaunggyi Township.
In Toungoo District, the main healthcare issues raised by local civilians include: healthcare problems regarding transportation of patients,[21] lack of medicine in clinics,[22] and medics or doctors providing insufficient services, especially at night time in critical situations, as the local healthcare services are only available during the day. In addition, if an incident occurs at night in Thandaung Myo Thit Town, the doctors refer patients to Toungoo District hospital.[23] Therefore, especially for those in remote areas in Toungoo District, villagers who are sick usually try to use traditional herbal medicine as first priority treatment, before they go to the hospital in Toungoo District, where medical treatment is expensive. Sometimes villagers also rely on the one KNU clinic, however, due to the lack of medicine in the clinic, their health problems often remain unsolved.[24]
Put simply, the Burma/Myanmar government healthcare services are not reaching remote areas in Toungoo District. There is not only a problem with the lack of medicine; villagers also have trouble accessing the Burma/Myanmar government healthcare system itself. According to a situation reported in the period between March and July 2014, “in H--- village, the government health workers do not go and treat [prevent] the diseases, such as [by] giving vaccines to the children and mothers. Since they [children and mothers] are not being given vaccines, they experience unnecessary symptoms. In Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District, there were [also] a total of 400 villagers who applied [to work] as nurses’ assistants, but only 20 villagers were accepted.”[25]
The villagers also reported to the KHRG community members that due to financial problems some pregnant women give birth to their children using a traditional midwife, instead of using a formally-educated midwife. If the Burma/Myanmar government healthcare department finds out the traditional midwives are practicing medicine, the midwives are fined at least 5000 kyat (US $3.77). If the pregnant women go to the hospital to give birth, they are well taken care of only when they offer the midwives money or property. If they are not given money, for instance if villagers face financial problems, the patients are told they have recovered and are then discharged from the hospital.[26]
Development projects are one of the main issues that lead to land confiscation in reports received by KHRG. In Toungoo District, Thandaunggyi Township, villagers have concerns regarding land confiscation, as they heard from the land surveyor that the Kay Too Ma Tee Development Company and other wealthy individuals will confiscate farmland that does not have land titles. The company is looking for more land to buy in order to extend their business. In response, the local villagers in J--- Village, Bay Ta Nee village tract, Toungoo District, sent a letter to the township administrator stating their objection to the project, as they are afraid their traditional land, for which they do not have land grants, will be confiscated.[27] Likewise, there have also been land confiscation cases in villages such as K--- Village, L--- Village, M--- Village, N--- Village, O--- Village and P--- Village, for the purpose of establishing a new industrial zone. The local civilians are sending a complaint letter to Naypyidaw,[28] through government officials in Toungoo. At the time KHRG received the villager’s interview, the Naypyidaw government had not replied.[29]
Additional development project activities are occurring in Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District. Chan Mya Way Si Company has been constructing roads and bridges, such as the construction of a road from Q--- village to R--- village, and buildings were built in the town via permission from the Burma/Myanmar government. In addition, the road from S--- Village to T--- village in Thandaunggyi Township was paved with stones. La Thitsa Pan Ka Maing Nin Company also constructed a road in Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District, which goes through U---, V---, W---, and X--- villages.[30]
Military activities, such as sending military rations and rotating battalions are ongoing in Toungoo District; they happen every four months as normal. There is also the issue of Tatmadaw trespassing into KNU’s territory within KNU controlled areas. In early 2015, Tatmadaw who live in Kler La army camp went to villages to give medicine to the villagers located near Kler La area. They also gave bread and milk to the children. The villagers are concerned that these offerings are tactical, used by the Tatmadaw to draw the local civilians onto their side. The Tatmadaw also travel with their military equipment in local areas when they are patrolling or travelling to other remote camps.
In addition, when the Tatmadaw send rations the military set up security along the road. This military activity causes the villagers who live beside the road to doubt the effectiveness or reality of the ceasefire. The Tatmadaw group based in Toungoo District is Military Operation Command (MOC) #5.[31] The battalions under MOC #5 are Light Infantry Battalion (LIB)[32] #371, LIB #372, LIB #373, LIB # 374, LIB #376, LIB #377, LIB #378 and LIB #379. Permanent army bases are also located in Thandaunggyi Town, such as LIB #124 and LIB #930. In Leik Tho Town, LIB #603 and Infantry Battalion[33] (IB) #73 are based there and are operating in Leik Tho. One militia headquarters is based in Pya Sa Khan and another sub-militia headquarters is based in Leik Tho. The front-line army camp is based in Y--- and Z--- Villages. Bu Yin Naung Tat Myo Tatmadaw military training camp fires heavy weapons once every three months; when they conduct the exercise, the heavy weapon shells fall into the villagers’ plantations.[34]
The military training school in Bu Yint Naung Tat Myo Town, Toungoo District, practices shooting artillery once or twice a month. When they shoot artillery, they shoot into villagers’ plantations, making it dangerous for the villagers to harvest crops, such as cardamom. Shooting into the villagers’ plantations not only destroys the plantation, it is also dangerous for the villagers.[35]
The soldiers of LIB #563, under the control of MOC #5, situated in T--- Village, survey the activity of the civilians and the activity of KNLA (Karen National Liberation Army) soldiers. Local villagers are concerned about fighting between KNLA and Tatmadaw, when the groups meet by chance in the village. In August 2015, KNLA soldiers wanted to meet with T--- villagers to discuss the signing of the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement,[36] and to hear the opinions of the villagers. However, while they were on their way they were informed by the villagers that LIB #563 were present on the road they were using to travel to T--- Village, so the KNLA soldiers used another road to avoid the Tatmadaw. A local villager said, “If the KNLA soldiers do not use the other road and use the road that they want to use, fighting could happen.”[37]
A drug dealer who was transporting methamphetamine[38] for Tatmadaw was arrested by KNLA on August 12th 2015 in Toungoo District, Htantabin Township, Hkler La area, AB--- Village. He was transporting methamphetamine from Taw Oo Town to Kler La area, where a Tatmadaw army camp is based, as Tatmadaw soldiers from Kler La army camp, Sergeant So Paing and Captain Nay Aung, promised to pay him 15,000 kyat (US$10.99) for transportation. The drug dealer was arrested by KNLA soldiers, who sent him to the KNU operations camp, and then to the district headquarters. At the time of writing this report, he was in prison.[39]
Muslim people who live in Thandaung Myo Thit Town, Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District, are discriminated against by U Myo Tint, who is a self-appointed chairman of religious affairs and Thandaung Myo Thit Town administrator. He has been attempting to drive Muslim people out of Thandaung Myo Thit Town. These officials have been working together to find mistakes the Muslim people had made, because they do not want Muslim people to come and stay in their administration area in Thaudaunggyi Township. They summoned them to come to the immigration office and threatened them, to make it difficult for them to stay in the town.[40] The Muslim residents who were most affected were AC--- and his siblings, who live in Thandaung Myo Thit Town. In 2015, Myo Lwin Oo was not given a guest permission letter, which is the document required to have guests to stay overnight in the town; at the time of reporting, he had still not received it. The head of the immigration department and the head of the town targeted AC--- by no longer giving him permission to be a resident in the town, and later his siblings were also targeted.[41] According to an interview with AC--- conducted by a KHRG community member in Toungoo District on April 6th 2015, “at first, [in 2009], he tried to attack us by [interfering with our] businesses, and after he failed [to make us move out of town], [in 2015] he turned to [attacking us in a] racial way.”[42]
In conclusion, issues such as land confiscation, military activities and development project activities still significantly impact villagers, leading to community insecurity and livelihood problems. In the reports received from Toungoo District in 2015 it is evident that the healthcare services provided by the Burma/Myanmar government in rural areas are still weak. The poor quality leads villagers to rely on traditional medicine and KNU clinics, which also provide poor service, particularly as they do not have enough medicine in the clinic.
In addition, the concerns that local residents have in relation to land confiscation, healthcare services, education services, and military activities are ongoing, and in many circumstances these concerns are still being ignored by the Burma/Myanmar government. Despite the signing of the ceasefire agreement, military activities are happening as normal. Such activities particularly include troop rotation, ration transportation, and conducting military target practice.
Overall, villagers remain concerned about the situations they are facing. In Toungoo District, villagers particularly face problems from military activities which lead to security issues and restriction on freedom of movement, disruptive development projects, trouble accessing healthcare services, and land confiscation. Under these circumstances, the villagers responded by sending complaint letters to high level authorities to stop the land confiscation for proposed development projects. Regarding healthcare, due to financial and transportation problems, the villagers relied on local traditional medics. However, the struggles and difficulties of rural villagers were usually ignored by the authorities from the Burma/Myanmar government.
, 
The above photos were taken by a KHRG community member and they show the medics from Burma/Myanmar health department coming to test the blood during collection of the list of malaria patients, on March 19th 2015, in Toungoo District, Thandaung Township, I--- Village. They are from Thandaung Township government health department and they arrived in I--- Village around 9:00 am, and announced that they would test for malaria. When the villagers came to have their blood tested, most of them were children who had malaria symptoms. The authorities said that the health programs are only able to take the list of the people who have malaria, and that they are not able to give vaccinations. The local people were unhappy, as they thought that they would be given vaccinations. [Photos: KHRG]
This report covers issues including land confiscation, education, healthcare, development projects, military activity, drug issues, and discrimination against Muslim people, which occurred between January and December 2015 in Htantabin and Thandaunggyi Townships in Toungoo (Taw Oo) District. Since the 2012 preliminary ceasefire[1], villagers have also seen an increase in development projects in local areas. These projects are often accompanied by land confiscation, which in the cases below has negatively impacted villagers’ livelihoods and, as a result, prevented them from accessing essential healthcare services.
In the years since the preliminary ceasefire agreement was signed between the Karen National Union (KNU) and the Burma/Myanmar government, land confiscation has remained a major issue in all districts across Karen State. The land confiscation incidents reported by KHRG community members in Toungoo District in 2015 were predominantly perpetrated by businesses,[2] Tatmadaw,[3] and the Burma/Myanmar government.[4] These groups give permission, or directly sell, to companies such as Kaung Myanmar Aung[5] and Shwe Swan In,[6] to carry out business activities on land traditionally used and possessed by local villagers in rural areas, including land on which the villagers previously held land titles. Livelihood impacts caused by this land confiscation, such as losing vocational work, are compounding; they lead to further problems, such as inability to pay for the cost of education or healthcare.
In Toungoo district, land confiscation and destruction is also caused by development projects, such as dam building,[7] construction of electricity cables and pylons,[8] creation of an industrial zone,[9] road construction,[10] and other military purposes. For example, in 2014 the Burma/Myanmar government confiscated areas of land for which villagers already possessed land titles. This land, in C--- and D--- villages, was then sold to Nyein Chan Yay [Peace Group].[11] In many cases, offending actors did not fairly provide compensation, and neither the compensation nor consultation process was carried out to the satisfaction of the local civilians. According to a local resident interviewed by a KHRG community member on November 22nd 2015, in E--- Village in Toungoo District, about business activities conducted by Kaung Myanmar Aung and Shwe Swan In companies, “they forcibly gave 50,000 kyat [US $36.64][12] per acre of land. Whether the villagers take their money or not, they will lose their lands so they take the money even though they do not want to take money and sell their land. They were afraid of the authoritative system…There was no discussion [consultation] with the villagers. They do not take the consent from the villagers”.[13]
Furthermore, in some cases villagers whose land was confiscated were not provided with compensation despite having previously received official Burma/Myanmar government permission to use the land. In an interview conducted by a KHRG community member in F--- Village, Na Ga Mauk village tract in Htantabin Township, a villager commented on the practices of Kaung Myanmar Aung Company, “They never say that they are going to pay the compensation. We also do not want to get the compensation that they will pay to us. They [company] said that a rubber tree [is] worth 200 kyat (US $0.15). What can we do with 200 kyat (US $0.15)?”
Local villagers respond to incidents of land confiscation by development projects with various village agency strategies, including: trying to stop the perpetrators by sending complaint letters[14] to high level authorities, or holding protests[15] before the development projects are carried out.
In Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District, primary school students have been receiving free education for two years from the Burma/Myanmar government, as of the reporting period. The Burma/Myanmar government provides books, bags, pencils and 1000 kyat (US $0.75) to each student. However, according to a villager interviewed by a KHRG community member in Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District in January 2015, the current teachers do not try to socialise with villagers—rather, they keep to themselves. Students are also receiving a poor education as school teachers are often absent—they frequently leave the village to visit their homes, which can take up to two weeks per trip. In addition, the teachers told some students, “I am teaching not because of having good-will [not because I want to], but because I have an obligation to teach."[16]
A villager from Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District, also mentioned during her interview that the students have failed examinations due to old teachers being replaced with new, young teachers who are not qualified enough to teach. As a consequence, the children do not fully understand school lessons due to the new teachers’ low standard of teaching.[17] Similarly in Thandaunggyi Township, villagers are concerned that teachers appear distracted. Consequently, students are not educated well and face problems when they have to take examinations from the Burma/Myanmar government education department when they enter fourth standard.[18] In addition, in the Burma/Myanmar government schools, students’ parents are asked for money for brooms, drinking water pots, and annual meetings at the schools. Depending on the students, teachers might ask for 1,500 kyat (US $1.13) per student. Finally, government teachers themselves face difficulties, as once per month they must travel far to collect their salary at the Township Education Office; it takes them a long time to travel.[19]
In Toungoo District, there is no sign of significant change to the operation of the Burma/Myanmar government education department, in relation to supporting education in rural areas. Consequently, since the preliminary ceasefire students from kindergarten to fourth standard are able to study for free and without paying for enrollment, under the Burma/Myanmar government’s support. We have also seen instances of United Nations Children’s Education Fund (UNICEF) providing support, particularly through repairing schools in order to support the education system. However, villagers still feel that the current education system needs to be changed. This sentiment was reported by a KHRG community member in a Situation Update describing events occurring in Thandaunggyi and Htantabin townships, Toungoo District during the period from November 2014 to February 2015, “[The villagers] receive no special support from the Burma government. The government should change the education [system] so it is better. It needs to be changed a lot because education is one of the most important things for the people.”[20]
Finally, in regard to education, KNU leaders in Toungoo District have built a high school called Thoh Lwee Wah high school near B--- Village, Per Htee village tract, Htantabin Township, Toungoo District in order to support the Karen people’s education, and to ensure they are able to read and write Karen language, as well as learn Karen history. In Toungoo District, there are two middle schools led by KNU: one is in Htantabin Township and the other is in Thandaunggyi Township.
In Toungoo District, the main healthcare issues raised by local civilians include: healthcare problems regarding transportation of patients,[21] lack of medicine in clinics,[22] and medics or doctors providing insufficient services, especially at night time in critical situations, as the local healthcare services are only available during the day. In addition, if an incident occurs at night in Thandaung Myo Thit Town, the doctors refer patients to Toungoo District hospital.[23] Therefore, especially for those in remote areas in Toungoo District, villagers who are sick usually try to use traditional herbal medicine as first priority treatment, before they go to the hospital in Toungoo District, where medical treatment is expensive. Sometimes villagers also rely on the one KNU clinic, however, due to the lack of medicine in the clinic, their health problems often remain unsolved.[24]
Put simply, the Burma/Myanmar government healthcare services are not reaching remote areas in Toungoo District. There is not only a problem with the lack of medicine; villagers also have trouble accessing the Burma/Myanmar government healthcare system itself. According to a situation reported in the period between March and July 2014, “in H--- village, the government health workers do not go and treat [prevent] the diseases, such as [by] giving vaccines to the children and mothers. Since they [children and mothers] are not being given vaccines, they experience unnecessary symptoms. In Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District, there were [also] a total of 400 villagers who applied [to work] as nurses’ assistants, but only 20 villagers were accepted.”[25]
The villagers also reported to the KHRG community members that due to financial problems some pregnant women give birth to their children using a traditional midwife, instead of using a formally-educated midwife. If the Burma/Myanmar government healthcare department finds out the traditional midwives are practicing medicine, the midwives are fined at least 5000 kyat (US $3.77). If the pregnant women go to the hospital to give birth, they are well taken care of only when they offer the midwives money or property. If they are not given money, for instance if villagers face financial problems, the patients are told they have recovered and are then discharged from the hospital.[26]
Development projects are one of the main issues that lead to land confiscation in reports received by KHRG. In Toungoo District, Thandaunggyi Township, villagers have concerns regarding land confiscation, as they heard from the land surveyor that the Kay Too Ma Tee Development Company and other wealthy individuals will confiscate farmland that does not have land titles. The company is looking for more land to buy in order to extend their business. In response, the local villagers in J--- Village, Bay Ta Nee village tract, Toungoo District, sent a letter to the township administrator stating their objection to the project, as they are afraid their traditional land, for which they do not have land grants, will be confiscated.[27] Likewise, there have also been land confiscation cases in villages such as K--- Village, L--- Village, M--- Village, N--- Village, O--- Village and P--- Village, for the purpose of establishing a new industrial zone. The local civilians are sending a complaint letter to Naypyidaw,[28] through government officials in Toungoo. At the time KHRG received the villager’s interview, the Naypyidaw government had not replied.[29]
Additional development project activities are occurring in Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District. Chan Mya Way Si Company has been constructing roads and bridges, such as the construction of a road from Q--- village to R--- village, and buildings were built in the town via permission from the Burma/Myanmar government. In addition, the road from S--- Village to T--- village in Thandaunggyi Township was paved with stones. La Thitsa Pan Ka Maing Nin Company also constructed a road in Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District, which goes through U---, V---, W---, and X--- villages.[30]
Military activities, such as sending military rations and rotating battalions are ongoing in Toungoo District; they happen every four months as normal. There is also the issue of Tatmadaw trespassing into KNU’s territory within KNU controlled areas. In early 2015, Tatmadaw who live in Kler La army camp went to villages to give medicine to the villagers located near Kler La area. They also gave bread and milk to the children. The villagers are concerned that these offerings are tactical, used by the Tatmadaw to draw the local civilians onto their side. The Tatmadaw also travel with their military equipment in local areas when they are patrolling or travelling to other remote camps.
In addition, when the Tatmadaw send rations the military set up security along the road. This military activity causes the villagers who live beside the road to doubt the effectiveness or reality of the ceasefire. The Tatmadaw group based in Toungoo District is Military Operation Command (MOC) #5.[31] The battalions under MOC #5 are Light Infantry Battalion (LIB)[32] #371, LIB #372, LIB #373, LIB # 374, LIB #376, LIB #377, LIB #378 and LIB #379. Permanent army bases are also located in Thandaunggyi Town, such as LIB #124 and LIB #930. In Leik Tho Town, LIB #603 and Infantry Battalion[33] (IB) #73 are based there and are operating in Leik Tho. One militia headquarters is based in Pya Sa Khan and another sub-militia headquarters is based in Leik Tho. The front-line army camp is based in Y--- and Z--- Villages. Bu Yin Naung Tat Myo Tatmadaw military training camp fires heavy weapons once every three months; when they conduct the exercise, the heavy weapon shells fall into the villagers’ plantations.[34]
The military training school in Bu Yint Naung Tat Myo Town, Toungoo District, practices shooting artillery once or twice a month. When they shoot artillery, they shoot into villagers’ plantations, making it dangerous for the villagers to harvest crops, such as cardamom. Shooting into the villagers’ plantations not only destroys the plantation, it is also dangerous for the villagers.[35]
The soldiers of LIB #563, under the control of MOC #5, situated in T--- Village, survey the activity of the civilians and the activity of KNLA (Karen National Liberation Army) soldiers. Local villagers are concerned about fighting between KNLA and Tatmadaw, when the groups meet by chance in the village. In August 2015, KNLA soldiers wanted to meet with T--- villagers to discuss the signing of the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement,[36] and to hear the opinions of the villagers. However, while they were on their way they were informed by the villagers that LIB #563 were present on the road they were using to travel to T--- Village, so the KNLA soldiers used another road to avoid the Tatmadaw. A local villager said, “If the KNLA soldiers do not use the other road and use the road that they want to use, fighting could happen.”[37]
A drug dealer who was transporting methamphetamine[38] for Tatmadaw was arrested by KNLA on August 12th 2015 in Toungoo District, Htantabin Township, Hkler La area, AB--- Village. He was transporting methamphetamine from Taw Oo Town to Kler La area, where a Tatmadaw army camp is based, as Tatmadaw soldiers from Kler La army camp, Sergeant So Paing and Captain Nay Aung, promised to pay him 15,000 kyat (US$10.99) for transportation. The drug dealer was arrested by KNLA soldiers, who sent him to the KNU operations camp, and then to the district headquarters. At the time of writing this report, he was in prison.[39]
Muslim people who live in Thandaung Myo Thit Town, Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District, are discriminated against by U Myo Tint, who is a self-appointed chairman of religious affairs and Thandaung Myo Thit Town administrator. He has been attempting to drive Muslim people out of Thandaung Myo Thit Town. These officials have been working together to find mistakes the Muslim people had made, because they do not want Muslim people to come and stay in their administration area in Thaudaunggyi Township. They summoned them to come to the immigration office and threatened them, to make it difficult for them to stay in the town.[40] The Muslim residents who were most affected were AC--- and his siblings, who live in Thandaung Myo Thit Town. In 2015, Myo Lwin Oo was not given a guest permission letter, which is the document required to have guests to stay overnight in the town; at the time of reporting, he had still not received it. The head of the immigration department and the head of the town targeted AC--- by no longer giving him permission to be a resident in the town, and later his siblings were also targeted.[41] According to an interview with AC--- conducted by a KHRG community member in Toungoo District on April 6th 2015, “at first, [in 2009], he tried to attack us by [interfering with our] businesses, and after he failed [to make us move out of town], [in 2015] he turned to [attacking us in a] racial way.”[42]
In conclusion, issues such as land confiscation, military activities and development project activities still significantly impact villagers, leading to community insecurity and livelihood problems. In the reports received from Toungoo District in 2015 it is evident that the healthcare services provided by the Burma/Myanmar government in rural areas are still weak. The poor quality leads villagers to rely on traditional medicine and KNU clinics, which also provide poor service, particularly as they do not have enough medicine in the clinic.
In addition, the concerns that local residents have in relation to land confiscation, healthcare services, education services, and military activities are ongoing, and in many circumstances these concerns are still being ignored by the Burma/Myanmar government. Despite the signing of the ceasefire agreement, military activities are happening as normal. Such activities particularly include troop rotation, ration transportation, and conducting military target practice.
Overall, villagers remain concerned about the situations they are facing. In Toungoo District, villagers particularly face problems from military activities which lead to security issues and restriction on freedom of movement, disruptive development projects, trouble accessing healthcare services, and land confiscation. Under these circumstances, the villagers responded by sending complaint letters to high level authorities to stop the land confiscation for proposed development projects. Regarding healthcare, due to financial and transportation problems, the villagers relied on local traditional medics. However, the struggles and difficulties of rural villagers were usually ignored by the authorities from the Burma/Myanmar government.
The above photo was taken by a KHRG researcher and it shows the bulldozer that carried the truck taken to Thandaung Myo Thit Town, Toungoo District on August 6, 2015, for the purpose of a development project. The truck is the property of Ngew Sin Phyo Company. In Toungoo District, road and bridge construction by companies has increased. Since the preliminary ceasefire, the companies are able to work more on construction projects with fewer restrictions. [Photo: KHRG]
This report covers issues including land confiscation, education, healthcare, development projects, military activity, drug issues, and discrimination against Muslim people, which occurred between January and December 2015 in Htantabin and Thandaunggyi Townships in Toungoo (Taw Oo) District. Since the 2012 preliminary ceasefire[1], villagers have also seen an increase in development projects in local areas. These projects are often accompanied by land confiscation, which in the cases below has negatively impacted villagers’ livelihoods and, as a result, prevented them from accessing essential healthcare services.
In the years since the preliminary ceasefire agreement was signed between the Karen National Union (KNU) and the Burma/Myanmar government, land confiscation has remained a major issue in all districts across Karen State. The land confiscation incidents reported by KHRG community members in Toungoo District in 2015 were predominantly perpetrated by businesses,[2] Tatmadaw,[3] and the Burma/Myanmar government.[4] These groups give permission, or directly sell, to companies such as Kaung Myanmar Aung[5] and Shwe Swan In,[6] to carry out business activities on land traditionally used and possessed by local villagers in rural areas, including land on which the villagers previously held land titles. Livelihood impacts caused by this land confiscation, such as losing vocational work, are compounding; they lead to further problems, such as inability to pay for the cost of education or healthcare.
In Toungoo district, land confiscation and destruction is also caused by development projects, such as dam building,[7] construction of electricity cables and pylons,[8] creation of an industrial zone,[9] road construction,[10] and other military purposes. For example, in 2014 the Burma/Myanmar government confiscated areas of land for which villagers already possessed land titles. This land, in C--- and D--- villages, was then sold to Nyein Chan Yay [Peace Group].[11] In many cases, offending actors did not fairly provide compensation, and neither the compensation nor consultation process was carried out to the satisfaction of the local civilians. According to a local resident interviewed by a KHRG community member on November 22nd 2015, in E--- Village in Toungoo District, about business activities conducted by Kaung Myanmar Aung and Shwe Swan In companies, “they forcibly gave 50,000 kyat [US $36.64][12] per acre of land. Whether the villagers take their money or not, they will lose their lands so they take the money even though they do not want to take money and sell their land. They were afraid of the authoritative system…There was no discussion [consultation] with the villagers. They do not take the consent from the villagers”.[13]
Furthermore, in some cases villagers whose land was confiscated were not provided with compensation despite having previously received official Burma/Myanmar government permission to use the land. In an interview conducted by a KHRG community member in F--- Village, Na Ga Mauk village tract in Htantabin Township, a villager commented on the practices of Kaung Myanmar Aung Company, “They never say that they are going to pay the compensation. We also do not want to get the compensation that they will pay to us. They [company] said that a rubber tree [is] worth 200 kyat (US $0.15). What can we do with 200 kyat (US $0.15)?”
Local villagers respond to incidents of land confiscation by development projects with various village agency strategies, including: trying to stop the perpetrators by sending complaint letters[14] to high level authorities, or holding protests[15] before the development projects are carried out.
In Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District, primary school students have been receiving free education for two years from the Burma/Myanmar government, as of the reporting period. The Burma/Myanmar government provides books, bags, pencils and 1000 kyat (US $0.75) to each student. However, according to a villager interviewed by a KHRG community member in Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District in January 2015, the current teachers do not try to socialise with villagers—rather, they keep to themselves. Students are also receiving a poor education as school teachers are often absent—they frequently leave the village to visit their homes, which can take up to two weeks per trip. In addition, the teachers told some students, “I am teaching not because of having good-will [not because I want to], but because I have an obligation to teach."[16]
A villager from Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District, also mentioned during her interview that the students have failed examinations due to old teachers being replaced with new, young teachers who are not qualified enough to teach. As a consequence, the children do not fully understand school lessons due to the new teachers’ low standard of teaching.[17] Similarly in Thandaunggyi Township, villagers are concerned that teachers appear distracted. Consequently, students are not educated well and face problems when they have to take examinations from the Burma/Myanmar government education department when they enter fourth standard.[18] In addition, in the Burma/Myanmar government schools, students’ parents are asked for money for brooms, drinking water pots, and annual meetings at the schools. Depending on the students, teachers might ask for 1,500 kyat (US $1.13) per student. Finally, government teachers themselves face difficulties, as once per month they must travel far to collect their salary at the Township Education Office; it takes them a long time to travel.[19]
In Toungoo District, there is no sign of significant change to the operation of the Burma/Myanmar government education department, in relation to supporting education in rural areas. Consequently, since the preliminary ceasefire students from kindergarten to fourth standard are able to study for free and without paying for enrollment, under the Burma/Myanmar government’s support. We have also seen instances of United Nations Children’s Education Fund (UNICEF) providing support, particularly through repairing schools in order to support the education system. However, villagers still feel that the current education system needs to be changed. This sentiment was reported by a KHRG community member in a Situation Update describing events occurring in Thandaunggyi and Htantabin townships, Toungoo District during the period from November 2014 to February 2015, “[The villagers] receive no special support from the Burma government. The government should change the education [system] so it is better. It needs to be changed a lot because education is one of the most important things for the people.”[20]
Finally, in regard to education, KNU leaders in Toungoo District have built a high school called Thoh Lwee Wah high school near B--- Village, Per Htee village tract, Htantabin Township, Toungoo District in order to support the Karen people’s education, and to ensure they are able to read and write Karen language, as well as learn Karen history. In Toungoo District, there are two middle schools led by KNU: one is in Htantabin Township and the other is in Thandaunggyi Township.
In Toungoo District, the main healthcare issues raised by local civilians include: healthcare problems regarding transportation of patients,[21] lack of medicine in clinics,[22] and medics or doctors providing insufficient services, especially at night time in critical situations, as the local healthcare services are only available during the day. In addition, if an incident occurs at night in Thandaung Myo Thit Town, the doctors refer patients to Toungoo District hospital.[23] Therefore, especially for those in remote areas in Toungoo District, villagers who are sick usually try to use traditional herbal medicine as first priority treatment, before they go to the hospital in Toungoo District, where medical treatment is expensive. Sometimes villagers also rely on the one KNU clinic, however, due to the lack of medicine in the clinic, their health problems often remain unsolved.[24]
Put simply, the Burma/Myanmar government healthcare services are not reaching remote areas in Toungoo District. There is not only a problem with the lack of medicine; villagers also have trouble accessing the Burma/Myanmar government healthcare system itself. According to a situation reported in the period between March and July 2014, “in H--- village, the government health workers do not go and treat [prevent] the diseases, such as [by] giving vaccines to the children and mothers. Since they [children and mothers] are not being given vaccines, they experience unnecessary symptoms. In Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District, there were [also] a total of 400 villagers who applied [to work] as nurses’ assistants, but only 20 villagers were accepted.”[25]
The villagers also reported to the KHRG community members that due to financial problems some pregnant women give birth to their children using a traditional midwife, instead of using a formally-educated midwife. If the Burma/Myanmar government healthcare department finds out the traditional midwives are practicing medicine, the midwives are fined at least 5000 kyat (US $3.77). If the pregnant women go to the hospital to give birth, they are well taken care of only when they offer the midwives money or property. If they are not given money, for instance if villagers face financial problems, the patients are told they have recovered and are then discharged from the hospital.[26]
Development projects are one of the main issues that lead to land confiscation in reports received by KHRG. In Toungoo District, Thandaunggyi Township, villagers have concerns regarding land confiscation, as they heard from the land surveyor that the Kay Too Ma Tee Development Company and other wealthy individuals will confiscate farmland that does not have land titles. The company is looking for more land to buy in order to extend their business. In response, the local villagers in J--- Village, Bay Ta Nee village tract, Toungoo District, sent a letter to the township administrator stating their objection to the project, as they are afraid their traditional land, for which they do not have land grants, will be confiscated.[27] Likewise, there have also been land confiscation cases in villages such as K--- Village, L--- Village, M--- Village, N--- Village, O--- Village and P--- Village, for the purpose of establishing a new industrial zone. The local civilians are sending a complaint letter to Naypyidaw,[28] through government officials in Toungoo. At the time KHRG received the villager’s interview, the Naypyidaw government had not replied.[29]
Additional development project activities are occurring in Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District. Chan Mya Way Si Company has been constructing roads and bridges, such as the construction of a road from Q--- village to R--- village, and buildings were built in the town via permission from the Burma/Myanmar government. In addition, the road from S--- Village to T--- village in Thandaunggyi Township was paved with stones. La Thitsa Pan Ka Maing Nin Company also constructed a road in Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District, which goes through U---, V---, W---, and X--- villages.[30]
Military activities, such as sending military rations and rotating battalions are ongoing in Toungoo District; they happen every four months as normal. There is also the issue of Tatmadaw trespassing into KNU’s territory within KNU controlled areas. In early 2015, Tatmadaw who live in Kler La army camp went to villages to give medicine to the villagers located near Kler La area. They also gave bread and milk to the children. The villagers are concerned that these offerings are tactical, used by the Tatmadaw to draw the local civilians onto their side. The Tatmadaw also travel with their military equipment in local areas when they are patrolling or travelling to other remote camps.
In addition, when the Tatmadaw send rations the military set up security along the road. This military activity causes the villagers who live beside the road to doubt the effectiveness or reality of the ceasefire. The Tatmadaw group based in Toungoo District is Military Operation Command (MOC) #5.[31] The battalions under MOC #5 are Light Infantry Battalion (LIB)[32] #371, LIB #372, LIB #373, LIB # 374, LIB #376, LIB #377, LIB #378 and LIB #379. Permanent army bases are also located in Thandaunggyi Town, such as LIB #124 and LIB #930. In Leik Tho Town, LIB #603 and Infantry Battalion[33] (IB) #73 are based there and are operating in Leik Tho. One militia headquarters is based in Pya Sa Khan and another sub-militia headquarters is based in Leik Tho. The front-line army camp is based in Y--- and Z--- Villages. Bu Yin Naung Tat Myo Tatmadaw military training camp fires heavy weapons once every three months; when they conduct the exercise, the heavy weapon shells fall into the villagers’ plantations.[34]
The military training school in Bu Yint Naung Tat Myo Town, Toungoo District, practices shooting artillery once or twice a month. When they shoot artillery, they shoot into villagers’ plantations, making it dangerous for the villagers to harvest crops, such as cardamom. Shooting into the villagers’ plantations not only destroys the plantation, it is also dangerous for the villagers.[35]
The soldiers of LIB #563, under the control of MOC #5, situated in T--- Village, survey the activity of the civilians and the activity of KNLA (Karen National Liberation Army) soldiers. Local villagers are concerned about fighting between KNLA and Tatmadaw, when the groups meet by chance in the village. In August 2015, KNLA soldiers wanted to meet with T--- villagers to discuss the signing of the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement,[36] and to hear the opinions of the villagers. However, while they were on their way they were informed by the villagers that LIB #563 were present on the road they were using to travel to T--- Village, so the KNLA soldiers used another road to avoid the Tatmadaw. A local villager said, “If the KNLA soldiers do not use the other road and use the road that they want to use, fighting could happen.”[37]
A drug dealer who was transporting methamphetamine[38] for Tatmadaw was arrested by KNLA on August 12th 2015 in Toungoo District, Htantabin Township, Hkler La area, AB--- Village. He was transporting methamphetamine from Taw Oo Town to Kler La area, where a Tatmadaw army camp is based, as Tatmadaw soldiers from Kler La army camp, Sergeant So Paing and Captain Nay Aung, promised to pay him 15,000 kyat (US$10.99) for transportation. The drug dealer was arrested by KNLA soldiers, who sent him to the KNU operations camp, and then to the district headquarters. At the time of writing this report, he was in prison.[39]
Muslim people who live in Thandaung Myo Thit Town, Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District, are discriminated against by U Myo Tint, who is a self-appointed chairman of religious affairs and Thandaung Myo Thit Town administrator. He has been attempting to drive Muslim people out of Thandaung Myo Thit Town. These officials have been working together to find mistakes the Muslim people had made, because they do not want Muslim people to come and stay in their administration area in Thaudaunggyi Township. They summoned them to come to the immigration office and threatened them, to make it difficult for them to stay in the town.[40] The Muslim residents who were most affected were AC--- and his siblings, who live in Thandaung Myo Thit Town. In 2015, Myo Lwin Oo was not given a guest permission letter, which is the document required to have guests to stay overnight in the town; at the time of reporting, he had still not received it. The head of the immigration department and the head of the town targeted AC--- by no longer giving him permission to be a resident in the town, and later his siblings were also targeted.[41] According to an interview with AC--- conducted by a KHRG community member in Toungoo District on April 6th 2015, “at first, [in 2009], he tried to attack us by [interfering with our] businesses, and after he failed [to make us move out of town], [in 2015] he turned to [attacking us in a] racial way.”[42]
In conclusion, issues such as land confiscation, military activities and development project activities still significantly impact villagers, leading to community insecurity and livelihood problems. In the reports received from Toungoo District in 2015 it is evident that the healthcare services provided by the Burma/Myanmar government in rural areas are still weak. The poor quality leads villagers to rely on traditional medicine and KNU clinics, which also provide poor service, particularly as they do not have enough medicine in the clinic.
In addition, the concerns that local residents have in relation to land confiscation, healthcare services, education services, and military activities are ongoing, and in many circumstances these concerns are still being ignored by the Burma/Myanmar government. Despite the signing of the ceasefire agreement, military activities are happening as normal. Such activities particularly include troop rotation, ration transportation, and conducting military target practice.
Overall, villagers remain concerned about the situations they are facing. In Toungoo District, villagers particularly face problems from military activities which lead to security issues and restriction on freedom of movement, disruptive development projects, trouble accessing healthcare services, and land confiscation. Under these circumstances, the villagers responded by sending complaint letters to high level authorities to stop the land confiscation for proposed development projects. Regarding healthcare, due to financial and transportation problems, the villagers relied on local traditional medics. However, the struggles and difficulties of rural villagers were usually ignored by the authorities from the Burma/Myanmar government.
, 
The first photo shows a signboard regarding road construction that was erected by Chan Mya Way Si Company, in Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District, taken on July 11th 2015. The signboard reads that the company is constructing the road between T--- and S--- villages. The second photo was taken on July 6th 2015 between T--- and H--- villages, Thandaunggyi Township. The photo shows one of the bridges and roads that were constructed by La Thitsa Pan Ka Maing Nin Company in the summer of 2015. [Photos: KHRG]
This report covers issues including land confiscation, education, healthcare, development projects, military activity, drug issues, and discrimination against Muslim people, which occurred between January and December 2015 in Htantabin and Thandaunggyi Townships in Toungoo (Taw Oo) District. Since the 2012 preliminary ceasefire[1], villagers have also seen an increase in development projects in local areas. These projects are often accompanied by land confiscation, which in the cases below has negatively impacted villagers’ livelihoods and, as a result, prevented them from accessing essential healthcare services.
In the years since the preliminary ceasefire agreement was signed between the Karen National Union (KNU) and the Burma/Myanmar government, land confiscation has remained a major issue in all districts across Karen State. The land confiscation incidents reported by KHRG community members in Toungoo District in 2015 were predominantly perpetrated by businesses,[2] Tatmadaw,[3] and the Burma/Myanmar government.[4] These groups give permission, or directly sell, to companies such as Kaung Myanmar Aung[5] and Shwe Swan In,[6] to carry out business activities on land traditionally used and possessed by local villagers in rural areas, including land on which the villagers previously held land titles. Livelihood impacts caused by this land confiscation, such as losing vocational work, are compounding; they lead to further problems, such as inability to pay for the cost of education or healthcare.
In Toungoo district, land confiscation and destruction is also caused by development projects, such as dam building,[7] construction of electricity cables and pylons,[8] creation of an industrial zone,[9] road construction,[10] and other military purposes. For example, in 2014 the Burma/Myanmar government confiscated areas of land for which villagers already possessed land titles. This land, in C--- and D--- villages, was then sold to Nyein Chan Yay [Peace Group].[11] In many cases, offending actors did not fairly provide compensation, and neither the compensation nor consultation process was carried out to the satisfaction of the local civilians. According to a local resident interviewed by a KHRG community member on November 22nd 2015, in E--- Village in Toungoo District, about business activities conducted by Kaung Myanmar Aung and Shwe Swan In companies, “they forcibly gave 50,000 kyat [US $36.64][12] per acre of land. Whether the villagers take their money or not, they will lose their lands so they take the money even though they do not want to take money and sell their land. They were afraid of the authoritative system…There was no discussion [consultation] with the villagers. They do not take the consent from the villagers”.[13]
Furthermore, in some cases villagers whose land was confiscated were not provided with compensation despite having previously received official Burma/Myanmar government permission to use the land. In an interview conducted by a KHRG community member in F--- Village, Na Ga Mauk village tract in Htantabin Township, a villager commented on the practices of Kaung Myanmar Aung Company, “They never say that they are going to pay the compensation. We also do not want to get the compensation that they will pay to us. They [company] said that a rubber tree [is] worth 200 kyat (US $0.15). What can we do with 200 kyat (US $0.15)?”
Local villagers respond to incidents of land confiscation by development projects with various village agency strategies, including: trying to stop the perpetrators by sending complaint letters[14] to high level authorities, or holding protests[15] before the development projects are carried out.
In Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District, primary school students have been receiving free education for two years from the Burma/Myanmar government, as of the reporting period. The Burma/Myanmar government provides books, bags, pencils and 1000 kyat (US $0.75) to each student. However, according to a villager interviewed by a KHRG community member in Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District in January 2015, the current teachers do not try to socialise with villagers—rather, they keep to themselves. Students are also receiving a poor education as school teachers are often absent—they frequently leave the village to visit their homes, which can take up to two weeks per trip. In addition, the teachers told some students, “I am teaching not because of having good-will [not because I want to], but because I have an obligation to teach."[16]
A villager from Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District, also mentioned during her interview that the students have failed examinations due to old teachers being replaced with new, young teachers who are not qualified enough to teach. As a consequence, the children do not fully understand school lessons due to the new teachers’ low standard of teaching.[17] Similarly in Thandaunggyi Township, villagers are concerned that teachers appear distracted. Consequently, students are not educated well and face problems when they have to take examinations from the Burma/Myanmar government education department when they enter fourth standard.[18] In addition, in the Burma/Myanmar government schools, students’ parents are asked for money for brooms, drinking water pots, and annual meetings at the schools. Depending on the students, teachers might ask for 1,500 kyat (US $1.13) per student. Finally, government teachers themselves face difficulties, as once per month they must travel far to collect their salary at the Township Education Office; it takes them a long time to travel.[19]
In Toungoo District, there is no sign of significant change to the operation of the Burma/Myanmar government education department, in relation to supporting education in rural areas. Consequently, since the preliminary ceasefire students from kindergarten to fourth standard are able to study for free and without paying for enrollment, under the Burma/Myanmar government’s support. We have also seen instances of United Nations Children’s Education Fund (UNICEF) providing support, particularly through repairing schools in order to support the education system. However, villagers still feel that the current education system needs to be changed. This sentiment was reported by a KHRG community member in a Situation Update describing events occurring in Thandaunggyi and Htantabin townships, Toungoo District during the period from November 2014 to February 2015, “[The villagers] receive no special support from the Burma government. The government should change the education [system] so it is better. It needs to be changed a lot because education is one of the most important things for the people.”[20]
Finally, in regard to education, KNU leaders in Toungoo District have built a high school called Thoh Lwee Wah high school near B--- Village, Per Htee village tract, Htantabin Township, Toungoo District in order to support the Karen people’s education, and to ensure they are able to read and write Karen language, as well as learn Karen history. In Toungoo District, there are two middle schools led by KNU: one is in Htantabin Township and the other is in Thandaunggyi Township.
In Toungoo District, the main healthcare issues raised by local civilians include: healthcare problems regarding transportation of patients,[21] lack of medicine in clinics,[22] and medics or doctors providing insufficient services, especially at night time in critical situations, as the local healthcare services are only available during the day. In addition, if an incident occurs at night in Thandaung Myo Thit Town, the doctors refer patients to Toungoo District hospital.[23] Therefore, especially for those in remote areas in Toungoo District, villagers who are sick usually try to use traditional herbal medicine as first priority treatment, before they go to the hospital in Toungoo District, where medical treatment is expensive. Sometimes villagers also rely on the one KNU clinic, however, due to the lack of medicine in the clinic, their health problems often remain unsolved.[24]
Put simply, the Burma/Myanmar government healthcare services are not reaching remote areas in Toungoo District. There is not only a problem with the lack of medicine; villagers also have trouble accessing the Burma/Myanmar government healthcare system itself. According to a situation reported in the period between March and July 2014, “in H--- village, the government health workers do not go and treat [prevent] the diseases, such as [by] giving vaccines to the children and mothers. Since they [children and mothers] are not being given vaccines, they experience unnecessary symptoms. In Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District, there were [also] a total of 400 villagers who applied [to work] as nurses’ assistants, but only 20 villagers were accepted.”[25]
The villagers also reported to the KHRG community members that due to financial problems some pregnant women give birth to their children using a traditional midwife, instead of using a formally-educated midwife. If the Burma/Myanmar government healthcare department finds out the traditional midwives are practicing medicine, the midwives are fined at least 5000 kyat (US $3.77). If the pregnant women go to the hospital to give birth, they are well taken care of only when they offer the midwives money or property. If they are not given money, for instance if villagers face financial problems, the patients are told they have recovered and are then discharged from the hospital.[26]
Development projects are one of the main issues that lead to land confiscation in reports received by KHRG. In Toungoo District, Thandaunggyi Township, villagers have concerns regarding land confiscation, as they heard from the land surveyor that the Kay Too Ma Tee Development Company and other wealthy individuals will confiscate farmland that does not have land titles. The company is looking for more land to buy in order to extend their business. In response, the local villagers in J--- Village, Bay Ta Nee village tract, Toungoo District, sent a letter to the township administrator stating their objection to the project, as they are afraid their traditional land, for which they do not have land grants, will be confiscated.[27] Likewise, there have also been land confiscation cases in villages such as K--- Village, L--- Village, M--- Village, N--- Village, O--- Village and P--- Village, for the purpose of establishing a new industrial zone. The local civilians are sending a complaint letter to Naypyidaw,[28] through government officials in Toungoo. At the time KHRG received the villager’s interview, the Naypyidaw government had not replied.[29]
Additional development project activities are occurring in Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District. Chan Mya Way Si Company has been constructing roads and bridges, such as the construction of a road from Q--- village to R--- village, and buildings were built in the town via permission from the Burma/Myanmar government. In addition, the road from S--- Village to T--- village in Thandaunggyi Township was paved with stones. La Thitsa Pan Ka Maing Nin Company also constructed a road in Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District, which goes through U---, V---, W---, and X--- villages.[30]
Military activities, such as sending military rations and rotating battalions are ongoing in Toungoo District; they happen every four months as normal. There is also the issue of Tatmadaw trespassing into KNU’s territory within KNU controlled areas. In early 2015, Tatmadaw who live in Kler La army camp went to villages to give medicine to the villagers located near Kler La area. They also gave bread and milk to the children. The villagers are concerned that these offerings are tactical, used by the Tatmadaw to draw the local civilians onto their side. The Tatmadaw also travel with their military equipment in local areas when they are patrolling or travelling to other remote camps.
In addition, when the Tatmadaw send rations the military set up security along the road. This military activity causes the villagers who live beside the road to doubt the effectiveness or reality of the ceasefire. The Tatmadaw group based in Toungoo District is Military Operation Command (MOC) #5.[31] The battalions under MOC #5 are Light Infantry Battalion (LIB)[32] #371, LIB #372, LIB #373, LIB # 374, LIB #376, LIB #377, LIB #378 and LIB #379. Permanent army bases are also located in Thandaunggyi Town, such as LIB #124 and LIB #930. In Leik Tho Town, LIB #603 and Infantry Battalion[33] (IB) #73 are based there and are operating in Leik Tho. One militia headquarters is based in Pya Sa Khan and another sub-militia headquarters is based in Leik Tho. The front-line army camp is based in Y--- and Z--- Villages. Bu Yin Naung Tat Myo Tatmadaw military training camp fires heavy weapons once every three months; when they conduct the exercise, the heavy weapon shells fall into the villagers’ plantations.[34]
The military training school in Bu Yint Naung Tat Myo Town, Toungoo District, practices shooting artillery once or twice a month. When they shoot artillery, they shoot into villagers’ plantations, making it dangerous for the villagers to harvest crops, such as cardamom. Shooting into the villagers’ plantations not only destroys the plantation, it is also dangerous for the villagers.[35]
The soldiers of LIB #563, under the control of MOC #5, situated in T--- Village, survey the activity of the civilians and the activity of KNLA (Karen National Liberation Army) soldiers. Local villagers are concerned about fighting between KNLA and Tatmadaw, when the groups meet by chance in the village. In August 2015, KNLA soldiers wanted to meet with T--- villagers to discuss the signing of the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement,[36] and to hear the opinions of the villagers. However, while they were on their way they were informed by the villagers that LIB #563 were present on the road they were using to travel to T--- Village, so the KNLA soldiers used another road to avoid the Tatmadaw. A local villager said, “If the KNLA soldiers do not use the other road and use the road that they want to use, fighting could happen.”[37]
A drug dealer who was transporting methamphetamine[38] for Tatmadaw was arrested by KNLA on August 12th 2015 in Toungoo District, Htantabin Township, Hkler La area, AB--- Village. He was transporting methamphetamine from Taw Oo Town to Kler La area, where a Tatmadaw army camp is based, as Tatmadaw soldiers from Kler La army camp, Sergeant So Paing and Captain Nay Aung, promised to pay him 15,000 kyat (US$10.99) for transportation. The drug dealer was arrested by KNLA soldiers, who sent him to the KNU operations camp, and then to the district headquarters. At the time of writing this report, he was in prison.[39]
Muslim people who live in Thandaung Myo Thit Town, Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District, are discriminated against by U Myo Tint, who is a self-appointed chairman of religious affairs and Thandaung Myo Thit Town administrator. He has been attempting to drive Muslim people out of Thandaung Myo Thit Town. These officials have been working together to find mistakes the Muslim people had made, because they do not want Muslim people to come and stay in their administration area in Thaudaunggyi Township. They summoned them to come to the immigration office and threatened them, to make it difficult for them to stay in the town.[40] The Muslim residents who were most affected were AC--- and his siblings, who live in Thandaung Myo Thit Town. In 2015, Myo Lwin Oo was not given a guest permission letter, which is the document required to have guests to stay overnight in the town; at the time of reporting, he had still not received it. The head of the immigration department and the head of the town targeted AC--- by no longer giving him permission to be a resident in the town, and later his siblings were also targeted.[41] According to an interview with AC--- conducted by a KHRG community member in Toungoo District on April 6th 2015, “at first, [in 2009], he tried to attack us by [interfering with our] businesses, and after he failed [to make us move out of town], [in 2015] he turned to [attacking us in a] racial way.”[42]
In conclusion, issues such as land confiscation, military activities and development project activities still significantly impact villagers, leading to community insecurity and livelihood problems. In the reports received from Toungoo District in 2015 it is evident that the healthcare services provided by the Burma/Myanmar government in rural areas are still weak. The poor quality leads villagers to rely on traditional medicine and KNU clinics, which also provide poor service, particularly as they do not have enough medicine in the clinic.
In addition, the concerns that local residents have in relation to land confiscation, healthcare services, education services, and military activities are ongoing, and in many circumstances these concerns are still being ignored by the Burma/Myanmar government. Despite the signing of the ceasefire agreement, military activities are happening as normal. Such activities particularly include troop rotation, ration transportation, and conducting military target practice.
Overall, villagers remain concerned about the situations they are facing. In Toungoo District, villagers particularly face problems from military activities which lead to security issues and restriction on freedom of movement, disruptive development projects, trouble accessing healthcare services, and land confiscation. Under these circumstances, the villagers responded by sending complaint letters to high level authorities to stop the land confiscation for proposed development projects. Regarding healthcare, due to financial and transportation problems, the villagers relied on local traditional medics. However, the struggles and difficulties of rural villagers were usually ignored by the authorities from the Burma/Myanmar government.
, 
These photos were taken on March 1st 2015. They show the Tatmadaw Transportation and Support Unit #930, which is situated in Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District and transports rations to army camps and the frontline troops that are under the Southern Command Headquarters. These rations are transported once a month using 10 to 15 army trucks. These truck columns do not face any obstacles as they did prior to the preliminary ceasefire, so they can transport their cargo easily, without setting up security troops. As a result, villagers expressed great concern for their security; these concerns are greater than before the preliminary ceasefire agreement, when they did not have to worry about Tatmadaw trucks passing through. [Photos: KHRG]
This report covers issues including land confiscation, education, healthcare, development projects, military activity, drug issues, and discrimination against Muslim people, which occurred between January and December 2015 in Htantabin and Thandaunggyi Townships in Toungoo (Taw Oo) District. Since the 2012 preliminary ceasefire[1], villagers have also seen an increase in development projects in local areas. These projects are often accompanied by land confiscation, which in the cases below has negatively impacted villagers’ livelihoods and, as a result, prevented them from accessing essential healthcare services.
In the years since the preliminary ceasefire agreement was signed between the Karen National Union (KNU) and the Burma/Myanmar government, land confiscation has remained a major issue in all districts across Karen State. The land confiscation incidents reported by KHRG community members in Toungoo District in 2015 were predominantly perpetrated by businesses,[2] Tatmadaw,[3] and the Burma/Myanmar government.[4] These groups give permission, or directly sell, to companies such as Kaung Myanmar Aung[5] and Shwe Swan In,[6] to carry out business activities on land traditionally used and possessed by local villagers in rural areas, including land on which the villagers previously held land titles. Livelihood impacts caused by this land confiscation, such as losing vocational work, are compounding; they lead to further problems, such as inability to pay for the cost of education or healthcare.
In Toungoo district, land confiscation and destruction is also caused by development projects, such as dam building,[7] construction of electricity cables and pylons,[8] creation of an industrial zone,[9] road construction,[10] and other military purposes. For example, in 2014 the Burma/Myanmar government confiscated areas of land for which villagers already possessed land titles. This land, in C--- and D--- villages, was then sold to Nyein Chan Yay [Peace Group].[11] In many cases, offending actors did not fairly provide compensation, and neither the compensation nor consultation process was carried out to the satisfaction of the local civilians. According to a local resident interviewed by a KHRG community member on November 22nd 2015, in E--- Village in Toungoo District, about business activities conducted by Kaung Myanmar Aung and Shwe Swan In companies, “they forcibly gave 50,000 kyat [US $36.64][12] per acre of land. Whether the villagers take their money or not, they will lose their lands so they take the money even though they do not want to take money and sell their land. They were afraid of the authoritative system…There was no discussion [consultation] with the villagers. They do not take the consent from the villagers”.[13]
Furthermore, in some cases villagers whose land was confiscated were not provided with compensation despite having previously received official Burma/Myanmar government permission to use the land. In an interview conducted by a KHRG community member in F--- Village, Na Ga Mauk village tract in Htantabin Township, a villager commented on the practices of Kaung Myanmar Aung Company, “They never say that they are going to pay the compensation. We also do not want to get the compensation that they will pay to us. They [company] said that a rubber tree [is] worth 200 kyat (US $0.15). What can we do with 200 kyat (US $0.15)?”
Local villagers respond to incidents of land confiscation by development projects with various village agency strategies, including: trying to stop the perpetrators by sending complaint letters[14] to high level authorities, or holding protests[15] before the development projects are carried out.
In Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District, primary school students have been receiving free education for two years from the Burma/Myanmar government, as of the reporting period. The Burma/Myanmar government provides books, bags, pencils and 1000 kyat (US $0.75) to each student. However, according to a villager interviewed by a KHRG community member in Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District in January 2015, the current teachers do not try to socialise with villagers—rather, they keep to themselves. Students are also receiving a poor education as school teachers are often absent—they frequently leave the village to visit their homes, which can take up to two weeks per trip. In addition, the teachers told some students, “I am teaching not because of having good-will [not because I want to], but because I have an obligation to teach."[16]
A villager from Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District, also mentioned during her interview that the students have failed examinations due to old teachers being replaced with new, young teachers who are not qualified enough to teach. As a consequence, the children do not fully understand school lessons due to the new teachers’ low standard of teaching.[17] Similarly in Thandaunggyi Township, villagers are concerned that teachers appear distracted. Consequently, students are not educated well and face problems when they have to take examinations from the Burma/Myanmar government education department when they enter fourth standard.[18] In addition, in the Burma/Myanmar government schools, students’ parents are asked for money for brooms, drinking water pots, and annual meetings at the schools. Depending on the students, teachers might ask for 1,500 kyat (US $1.13) per student. Finally, government teachers themselves face difficulties, as once per month they must travel far to collect their salary at the Township Education Office; it takes them a long time to travel.[19]
In Toungoo District, there is no sign of significant change to the operation of the Burma/Myanmar government education department, in relation to supporting education in rural areas. Consequently, since the preliminary ceasefire students from kindergarten to fourth standard are able to study for free and without paying for enrollment, under the Burma/Myanmar government’s support. We have also seen instances of United Nations Children’s Education Fund (UNICEF) providing support, particularly through repairing schools in order to support the education system. However, villagers still feel that the current education system needs to be changed. This sentiment was reported by a KHRG community member in a Situation Update describing events occurring in Thandaunggyi and Htantabin townships, Toungoo District during the period from November 2014 to February 2015, “[The villagers] receive no special support from the Burma government. The government should change the education [system] so it is better. It needs to be changed a lot because education is one of the most important things for the people.”[20]
Finally, in regard to education, KNU leaders in Toungoo District have built a high school called Thoh Lwee Wah high school near B--- Village, Per Htee village tract, Htantabin Township, Toungoo District in order to support the Karen people’s education, and to ensure they are able to read and write Karen language, as well as learn Karen history. In Toungoo District, there are two middle schools led by KNU: one is in Htantabin Township and the other is in Thandaunggyi Township.
In Toungoo District, the main healthcare issues raised by local civilians include: healthcare problems regarding transportation of patients,[21] lack of medicine in clinics,[22] and medics or doctors providing insufficient services, especially at night time in critical situations, as the local healthcare services are only available during the day. In addition, if an incident occurs at night in Thandaung Myo Thit Town, the doctors refer patients to Toungoo District hospital.[23] Therefore, especially for those in remote areas in Toungoo District, villagers who are sick usually try to use traditional herbal medicine as first priority treatment, before they go to the hospital in Toungoo District, where medical treatment is expensive. Sometimes villagers also rely on the one KNU clinic, however, due to the lack of medicine in the clinic, their health problems often remain unsolved.[24]
Put simply, the Burma/Myanmar government healthcare services are not reaching remote areas in Toungoo District. There is not only a problem with the lack of medicine; villagers also have trouble accessing the Burma/Myanmar government healthcare system itself. According to a situation reported in the period between March and July 2014, “in H--- village, the government health workers do not go and treat [prevent] the diseases, such as [by] giving vaccines to the children and mothers. Since they [children and mothers] are not being given vaccines, they experience unnecessary symptoms. In Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District, there were [also] a total of 400 villagers who applied [to work] as nurses’ assistants, but only 20 villagers were accepted.”[25]
The villagers also reported to the KHRG community members that due to financial problems some pregnant women give birth to their children using a traditional midwife, instead of using a formally-educated midwife. If the Burma/Myanmar government healthcare department finds out the traditional midwives are practicing medicine, the midwives are fined at least 5000 kyat (US $3.77). If the pregnant women go to the hospital to give birth, they are well taken care of only when they offer the midwives money or property. If they are not given money, for instance if villagers face financial problems, the patients are told they have recovered and are then discharged from the hospital.[26]
Development projects are one of the main issues that lead to land confiscation in reports received by KHRG. In Toungoo District, Thandaunggyi Township, villagers have concerns regarding land confiscation, as they heard from the land surveyor that the Kay Too Ma Tee Development Company and other wealthy individuals will confiscate farmland that does not have land titles. The company is looking for more land to buy in order to extend their business. In response, the local villagers in J--- Village, Bay Ta Nee village tract, Toungoo District, sent a letter to the township administrator stating their objection to the project, as they are afraid their traditional land, for which they do not have land grants, will be confiscated.[27] Likewise, there have also been land confiscation cases in villages such as K--- Village, L--- Village, M--- Village, N--- Village, O--- Village and P--- Village, for the purpose of establishing a new industrial zone. The local civilians are sending a complaint letter to Naypyidaw,[28] through government officials in Toungoo. At the time KHRG received the villager’s interview, the Naypyidaw government had not replied.[29]
Additional development project activities are occurring in Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District. Chan Mya Way Si Company has been constructing roads and bridges, such as the construction of a road from Q--- village to R--- village, and buildings were built in the town via permission from the Burma/Myanmar government. In addition, the road from S--- Village to T--- village in Thandaunggyi Township was paved with stones. La Thitsa Pan Ka Maing Nin Company also constructed a road in Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District, which goes through U---, V---, W---, and X--- villages.[30]
Military activities, such as sending military rations and rotating battalions are ongoing in Toungoo District; they happen every four months as normal. There is also the issue of Tatmadaw trespassing into KNU’s territory within KNU controlled areas. In early 2015, Tatmadaw who live in Kler La army camp went to villages to give medicine to the villagers located near Kler La area. They also gave bread and milk to the children. The villagers are concerned that these offerings are tactical, used by the Tatmadaw to draw the local civilians onto their side. The Tatmadaw also travel with their military equipment in local areas when they are patrolling or travelling to other remote camps.
In addition, when the Tatmadaw send rations the military set up security along the road. This military activity causes the villagers who live beside the road to doubt the effectiveness or reality of the ceasefire. The Tatmadaw group based in Toungoo District is Military Operation Command (MOC) #5.[31] The battalions under MOC #5 are Light Infantry Battalion (LIB)[32] #371, LIB #372, LIB #373, LIB # 374, LIB #376, LIB #377, LIB #378 and LIB #379. Permanent army bases are also located in Thandaunggyi Town, such as LIB #124 and LIB #930. In Leik Tho Town, LIB #603 and Infantry Battalion[33] (IB) #73 are based there and are operating in Leik Tho. One militia headquarters is based in Pya Sa Khan and another sub-militia headquarters is based in Leik Tho. The front-line army camp is based in Y--- and Z--- Villages. Bu Yin Naung Tat Myo Tatmadaw military training camp fires heavy weapons once every three months; when they conduct the exercise, the heavy weapon shells fall into the villagers’ plantations.[34]
The military training school in Bu Yint Naung Tat Myo Town, Toungoo District, practices shooting artillery once or twice a month. When they shoot artillery, they shoot into villagers’ plantations, making it dangerous for the villagers to harvest crops, such as cardamom. Shooting into the villagers’ plantations not only destroys the plantation, it is also dangerous for the villagers.[35]
The soldiers of LIB #563, under the control of MOC #5, situated in T--- Village, survey the activity of the civilians and the activity of KNLA (Karen National Liberation Army) soldiers. Local villagers are concerned about fighting between KNLA and Tatmadaw, when the groups meet by chance in the village. In August 2015, KNLA soldiers wanted to meet with T--- villagers to discuss the signing of the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement,[36] and to hear the opinions of the villagers. However, while they were on their way they were informed by the villagers that LIB #563 were present on the road they were using to travel to T--- Village, so the KNLA soldiers used another road to avoid the Tatmadaw. A local villager said, “If the KNLA soldiers do not use the other road and use the road that they want to use, fighting could happen.”[37]
A drug dealer who was transporting methamphetamine[38] for Tatmadaw was arrested by KNLA on August 12th 2015 in Toungoo District, Htantabin Township, Hkler La area, AB--- Village. He was transporting methamphetamine from Taw Oo Town to Kler La area, where a Tatmadaw army camp is based, as Tatmadaw soldiers from Kler La army camp, Sergeant So Paing and Captain Nay Aung, promised to pay him 15,000 kyat (US$10.99) for transportation. The drug dealer was arrested by KNLA soldiers, who sent him to the KNU operations camp, and then to the district headquarters. At the time of writing this report, he was in prison.[39]
Muslim people who live in Thandaung Myo Thit Town, Thandaunggyi Township, Toungoo District, are discriminated against by U Myo Tint, who is a self-appointed chairman of religious affairs and Thandaung Myo Thit Town administrator. He has been attempting to drive Muslim people out of Thandaung Myo Thit Town. These officials have been working together to find mistakes the Muslim people had made, because they do not want Muslim people to come and stay in their administration area in Thaudaunggyi Township. They summoned them to come to the immigration office and threatened them, to make it difficult for them to stay in the town.[40] The Muslim residents who were most affected were AC--- and his siblings, who live in Thandaung Myo Thit Town. In 2015, Myo Lwin Oo was not given a guest permission letter, which is the document required to have guests to stay overnight in the town; at the time of reporting, he had still not received it. The head of the immigration department and the head of the town targeted AC--- by no longer giving him permission to be a resident in the town, and later his siblings were also targeted.[41] According to an interview with AC--- conducted by a KHRG community member in Toungoo District on April 6th 2015, “at first, [in 2009], he tried to attack us by [interfering with our] businesses, and after he failed [to make us move out of town], [in 2015] he turned to [attacking us in a] racial way.”[42]
In conclusion, issues such as land confiscation, military activities and development project activities still significantly impact villagers, leading to community insecurity and livelihood problems. In the reports received from Toungoo District in 2015 it is evident that the healthcare services provided by the Burma/Myanmar government in rural areas are still weak. The poor quality leads villagers to rely on traditional medicine and KNU clinics, which also provide poor service, particularly as they do not have enough medicine in the clinic.
In addition, the concerns that local residents have in relation to land confiscation, healthcare services, education services, and military activities are ongoing, and in many circumstances these concerns are still being ignored by the Burma/Myanmar government. Despite the signing of the ceasefire agreement, military activities are happening as normal. Such activities particularly include troop rotation, ration transportation, and conducting military target practice.
Overall, villagers remain concerned about the situations they are facing. In Toungoo District, villagers particularly face problems from military activities which lead to security issues and restriction on freedom of movement, disruptive development projects, trouble accessing healthcare services, and land confiscation. Under these circumstances, the villagers responded by sending complaint letters to high level authorities to stop the land confiscation for proposed development projects. Regarding healthcare, due to financial and transportation problems, the villagers relied on local traditional medics. However, the struggles and difficulties of rural villagers were usually ignored by the authorities from the Burma/Myanmar government.